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Who gets what when? How to allocate equity to members of your startup.
O ne of the most common intra-company conflicts startups face is over equity. Equity disputes can destroy businesses and relationships with partners and friends. Planning how your business will allocate startup equity early—and with an eye on your long-term goals—can help mitigate the risk of disputes later. You can’t predict exactly how your business will fare, but you can plan so you’re ready for whatever comes. How you allocate equity shares will depend on your particular needs, but here are some tips to get you started.
Startups have several stages involving different people filling different roles. Although some formulations of the stages vary, your startup will typically follow a path through:
Ensure your plan accounts for the increasing number of individuals involved at each stage.
At the pre-seed and seed stages, smaller startups usually involve only the business’s founders. As your business grows, more people will likely join the effort. Typically, the later in the startup stages you get, the more equity will be spoken for and the less you can offer.
Every startup begins with its founders, but not all founders play an equal role. One founder may develop the idea and focus on the big picture, while others may devote more effort to the daily minutiae. Figuring out how to negotiate equity in a startup at this early stage can be tricky, especially when the workload is uneven or hard to quantify. Speak with the other founders early about your expectations. How you split equity amongst yourselves will likely depend on each founder’s:
Attempt to identify objective criteria to help you allocate shares as a group. Allocating shares fairly is a vital part of business longevity and helps avoid resentment over the long run. Speak honestly and openly about what you feel is fair, acknowledging the value of every individual’s contribution. Be honest with yourself as well. Don’t accept an arrangement that you find unfair just to appease your partners. One part of allocating shares in the pre-seed and seed stages that can be easily overlooked is addressing how to reallocate shares as more people gain equity. You’ll want to set aside a percentage of your equity to distribute as you move forward, but ensure everyone is on board and put the plan in writing.
Your C-suite includes your CEOs, CFOs, COOs, and more. These people may or may not be founders. If not founders, then the timing of filling these roles depends on your business needs. It may occur before or after you seek out investors. Decide what you’ll offer to the C-suite before hiring. Revisit what you can and should offer as your startup grows.
Usually, securing investments involves determining the cost of equity. Don’t overpromise to potential investors. Ensure you and your partners maintain enough shares to keep majority control of the business. Consider setting aside 10-20% of your total equity for investors.
When compared to established businesses, many startups can’t offer a competitive wage. Startups often compensate by offering their early-joining employees equity in the company. Typical equity for startup employees includes restricted stock options that require employees to remain with the company for a set time before the stock vests. Consider setting aside another 10-20% of your total equity for employees.
As the company grows, your number of employees will likely grow. At some point, you will probably be able to offer a competitive salary and benefits package. While you can continue to provide equity to employees who join later, you can only allocate so much. Consider offering equity only in rare circumstances or setting a cutoff to stop new employees from gaining equity altogether.
Before you establish your startup equity compensation, you need to determine what kinds of equity you are willing and able to offer. Typically, startups offer equity in the form of stocks, including:
If you offer restricted stock, select a timeline for vesting. Common timelines range from one to five years. You can set aside stock options in an option pool. The size of an option pool will generally dwindle over time but can be a selling point to attract talent.
One of the most common intra-company conflicts startups face is over equity.
In January 2024, many businesses must meet a new requirement: providing beneficial ownership information (BOI). You must provide BOI to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) if your business is a reporting company. Generally, reporting companies include businesses that must register with a state secretary of state before they can begin operating. Most common growth-focused structures—LLCs, C-Corps, and S-Corps—require registration. If your business is a reporting company, you have to report information about the individuals who:
BOI requires names and identifying information, so it is important to keep your reporting requirements in mind in case anyone may want to avoid being included in a report.
Plan out how you expect to distribute equity at every stage in advance. Stick to your plan as well as possible—so long as it continues to make sense. Predicting how your startup will grow can be next to impossible, so don’t get bogged down if things change or don’t go as expected. Avoid diminishing the value of equity by spreading it too thin, but be ready to adapt. Ensure you make modifications deliberately and don’t lose track of who owns what and what powers they have. Finding the balance between adaptability and firmness can be difficult. There’s no one simple solution, but if you listen to your instincts and the insights of your partners and advisors, you can find a way forward.
Disclaimer: Bizee and its affiliates do not provide tax, legal, or accounting advice. This material has been prepared for informational purposes only, and is not intended to provide, and should not be relied on for, tax, legal, or accounting advice. You should consult your own tax, legal, and accounting advisors before engaging in any transaction.
Key Takeaways
Why equity disputes can destroy businesses and relationships. The importance of planning how your business will allocate startup equity early. Tips for allocating equity shares. Why you should plan equity decisions in advance for the different stages your startup will go through: pre-seed stage, seed stage, Series A, growth (Series B and C), and maturity. How to plan equity allocation for the different roles in your startup: founders, C-Suite, investors, early employees, and later employees. The importance of knowing what equity you will offer (stock options, etc.) Why it’s vital to understand Beneficial Ownership Information (BOI) Reporting. The secret sauce that is “allocating in advance, but staying adaptable later on.
Taylor Bradley, Esq., is a licensed attorney and writer with experience in the private and public sectors, including a highly coveted state supreme court clerkship. She is passionate about many areas of the law and enjoys helping people better understand their legal rights and responsibilities. Read more
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